Canceris abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other partsof the body, Biomarker areMeasured and evaluated as indicator of normal biological process, pathogenicprocess, or pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention, Characteristicof Ideal biomarker expression should significantly increase in diseasecondition Readily quantifiable inclinical sample It should be economically viable Tumor marker is a Biochemical substancesproduced by cancer cell or by the healthy cell It’s a Substances found at higher level than normal level in cancerous condition, which differentiatethe normal cell from cancer cells Tumormarker seen in Blood circulation, Bodycavity fluids Cell membrane ,Cellcytoplasm Tumor marker classificationTumor Specific Antigens Specificfor single individual tumor, present only in tumor cells Ex:CEA,CA19-9,CA125Tumor-Associated Antigens are Found with different tumor of same tissuetype Present on tumor cells and some normal cells Expressed at abnormalconcentration when presence of cancer Ex: Prostate specific antigen, Beta HCG,AFPL3,thryglobin ,Enzyme 1st group identified as a biomarker Hormone used to detect and monitor thecancer Onco-fetal protein AFP,CEA,PSA, using anti-sera against cancer tissue cellsurface antigen are CA 125,CA15-3,CA19-9 Blood group Ag using monoclonalantibody detect cancer cell according to site tumor marker classification as Biochemical/serological marker-detected in blood or body fluids, histochemical/ tissuemarker- in tissue by immunological test diagnostic marker, prognostic marker/predictive marker, therapeutic marker clinical use Screening, diagnosis, prognostic predictor clinicalstaging of the cancerous conditionfor monitoring during treatment earlydetection for recurrence CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL TUMOUR MARKER Shouldnot be very costly, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, simple touse CEA -Lung, breast, Colorectalcancer, AFP- Hepato cellular carcinoma,Germ cell tumor, HCG – Germinal celltumor of testis, Ovarian adenocarcinoma,Hepatoma, chorio carcinoma, CA 125- Ovarian carcinoma, calcitonin- Medullary thyroid cancer, CA15-3/ CA27.29- Breast cancer, Liver, colon, ovarian endometrialcancer, Prostate specific antigen -Prostate cancer, Thyroglobulin-Thyroidcancer, 21-Genesignature(oncotype-Dx),70-Gene signature(mammaprint),Estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor- breast, Cytokeratin fragments21-1- Non small cell Lung cancer,breast cancer,Insulin-Insulinoma(beta cell tumor),Cortisol/ACTH- Equine pars intermedia adenoma, adreno corticaltumor, Sex steroid hormone- Adeno carcinoma, Methods of detection of tumormarker are immunological Immuno histochemistry, Radioimmuno assay,ELISA, Cytogenetic analysis – Fluorescent insitu hybridization,Spectralkaryotyping,Comparative genomic hybridization, Genetic analysis,proteomics- Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY- By linking the antibodies to a dye, The immunoreactivity between the tissue specimensand antibodies can be visualized with the light microscope, commonly used tocharacterize tumors of epithelial origin are antibodies directed against thecytokeratin intermediate filaments,Epithelium-Specific cytokeratins used as diagnosticmarkers that detect change in cytokeratin expression as a consequence,Cytokeratin6 is present in all epithelial skin tumors Cytokeratin immunostaining – used todetect micro-metastases in lymph nodes of dogs with mammary gland carcinoma• .
CYTOGENETICS structural and numerical abnormalities of chromosomes G-bandedchromosomes,other cytogenetic banding techniques, molecular cytogenetics:fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH),comparative genomic hybridization(CGH),proteomics,genomics,metabolomics- fucosylated proteins, including CD44 andE-selectin-elevated in dogs with lymphoma With the completion of the sequencingof the canine genome, a microarray is being developed to study the changes intumor gene expression in canine tumors.Methods of discovery:genomic approach:Northernblot-RNA sequencing,Gene expression technique,DNA micro array.Protomicapproach:Tissue micro array,Antibody array,2D PAGE. Metabolomic approach: Analysing metabolic response to drug ordisease.Lipidomic approach:analysis of lipids. • . CYTOGENETICS structural and numerical abnormalities of chromosomes G-bandedchromosomes,other cytogenetic banding techniques, molecular cytogenetics:fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH),comparative genomic hybridization(CGH),proteomics,genomics,metabolomics- fucosylated proteins, including CD44 andE-selectin-elevated in dogs with lymphoma With the completion of the sequencingof the canine genome, a microarray is being developed to study the changes intumor gene expression in canine tumors.Methods of discovery:genomic approach:Northernblot-RNA sequencing,Gene expression technique,DNA micro array.
Protomicapproach:Tissue micro array,Antibody array,2D PAGE. Metabolomic approach: Analysing metabolic response to drug ordisease.Lipidomic approach:analysis of lipids. • . CYTOGENETICS structural and numerical abnormalities of chromosomes G-bandedchromosomes,other cytogenetic banding techniques, molecular cytogenetics:fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH),comparative genomic hybridization(CGH),proteomics,genomics,metabolomics- fucosylated proteins, including CD44 andE-selectin-elevated in dogs with lymphoma With the completion of the sequencingof the canine genome, a microarray is being developed to study the changes intumor gene expression in canine tumors.
Methods of discovery:genomic approach:Northernblot-RNA sequencing,Gene expression technique,DNA micro array.Protomicapproach:Tissue micro array,Antibody array,2D PAGE. Metabolomic approach: Analysing metabolic response to drug ordisease.Lipidomic approach:analysis of lipids.
Best services for writing your paper according to Trustpilot
