Ubiquitination, a proteasomal degradation process, is basedon covalent attachment of ubiquitin to a substrate lysine on a target protein,marking the protein for its degradation 1-7. This process renewsintracellular proteins balancing the rate of degradation with the rate ofprotein synthesis, resulting in homeostasis 4. Homeostasis is achieved byeliminating damaged proteins which typically result in disease as …

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Leucine, Valine and Isoleucine are collectivelyknown as the branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs), in which the side chains of these give each of the more than 20 aminoacids their unique characteristics. They have a similarstructure, but the side chains differ in the structural conformation andhydrophobicity. For example, leucine is more common in a-helices, while valineand isoleucine tend …

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Modern genetics

The concept of genetic engineering can be traced back to at least 8000 BC in the Middle East, Orient and the Americas (Roger Straughan, 1996). However, more recently in history this concept was used by the Nazi’s in an attempt to create a ‘super race’ through their ‘eugenics’ programme. We are now able to alter …

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The prokaryotic type II clustered regularly interspaced shortpalindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system is rapidly revolutionizing the geneticengineering field, altering the genomes of large varieties of organisms withrelative ease. Cancer genetics can be changed using experimental approaches basedon this multipurpose technology 1. Principal component of the Type II CRISPR/Cas system is theCas9 endonuclease, a prokaryotic adaptive restriction …

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